四六级：如何进行判断和推理

爱思英语编者按：在阅读中，人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而，语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义。这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法，根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在联系，从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。

有时，作者在文中并未把需要读者理解的所有意思直接表达出来，而期待读者能领悟文章的内在含义，即从字里行间来体会他想表达的意思。由于有的意思文中没有直接说明，读者必须根据文中所陈述内容的逻辑发展，上下文的联贯以及文中有关部分的暗示，作出判断或进行推理。
在阅读中，判断和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具备这种能力，才有可能真正地弄懂文章中语言上没有明确表达却又隐含的意思，达到真正的理解。

一、判断

在阅读中，有时要求我们对文章中阐述的事实或细节，按照逻辑发展的规律进行分析和概括，并以此为依据得出结论。我们将这个过程称作“判断”。为了对所读材料作出正确的判断，以得出合乎逻辑的结论，我们必须仔细地阅读，准确地掌握事实，并对其进行认真的分析和思考。

例一：
The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is a vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.
While the female"s menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them.
根据文中the male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices我们可以得出结论：雄蚊相对地说对人类无害。根据文中The female is a vampire and lives on blood. Some feed on... warm-blooded creatures. Some favour cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man. 我们可以得出结论：雌蚊对多数动物构成威胁。纵观全文，我们可作出判断：“蚊子应该被消灭。”

二、推理

推理就是以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息。在阅读中，我们要善于利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思。要求进行推理的问题，在文中均找不到直接答案。如果问题要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意义，我们必须在文中找到所涉及的关键词语，仔细阅读一至两遍，吃透意思，并以此为根据，进行分析和推理。然后，再逐个考虑选择项，选出答案。如果需要进行推理判断的内容涉及全文，则必须在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展过程的基础上，才能进行正确的推理判断。答题时，还应认真审题，特别是注意原文中的意思在题目中的表达形式，准确理解题意和要求。

例二：
The telephone rang and I picked it up and the voice said, “Block party tonight.”Right then, I knew summer had arrived in North Dakota.

I"ll tell you ,there is nobody who enjoys summer more than North Dakotan, possibly because it takes such a long time getting here. We emerge from our cocoons into the sun and ready to go. We take to summer like a chorus girl takes to diamonds. We flood to the parks and the swimming pools and the golf courses and the hiking trails and the lakes. You ask a dozen North Dakotans what summer means to them and you will get a dozen different answers.

根据文中Right then I knew summer had arrived,我们可以推断the block party 通常是夏季举行的活动，这表明‘夏天来临了’。根据文中...there is nobody who enjoys summer more than the North Dakotans. Summer takes such a long time getting here.我们可以推断这个地区的冬天是漫 长而枯燥无味的。根据文中We flood to the parks and the swimming pools and the golf courses and the hiking trails and the lakes. 我们还可以推断出当地的人们非常喜欢户外活动。

例三：

Like other opinions about the situation, Burke"s predictably, and sensibly, fore casts a rise in unemployment among the young.
从此句我们可以推断出：1) 说话者同意Burke的年青人失业现象要增多的看法(根据predict ably, and sensibly); 2) Burke 不是唯一持这种看法的人(根据like other opinions...)

例四：更多信息请访问：http://www.24en.com/

Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement(s) which can definitely be inferred.

In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted.

(A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies.

(B) Canada"s 1980 limitations on energy — company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises.

(C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company.

(D) Before 1980, there were no limitations on foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies.

选择项(A)符合题意，因为文中谈到这一限制是80年宣布的，据此可以推断80年前尚无此规定。选择项(B)也符合题意，因文中谈到这些企业资金来源将受到限制，据此可以推断该限制将会给这些企业带来问题。(C)项不符合题意，因文中指的是energy companies，而不是所有的公司。(D)项也不符合题意，因为文中谈到80年宣布的是additional limits, 据此可以推断在此以前已有其它限制。

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