不能忘却的五四运动（英文简介）

24EN编者按：五四运动发生于1919年的5月4日，是一场发生于中国北京、以青年学生为主的学生运动，以及包括广大群众、市民、工商人士等中下阶层广泛参与的一次示威游行、请愿、罢课、罢工、暴力对抗政府等多形式的爱国运动。事件起因在第一次世界大战完结后举行的巴黎和会中，列强肆意践踏中国主权，把德国在山东的权益转让给日本，即山东问题。就此，当时中国的北洋政府未能捍卫国家利益，在列强面前显得软弱，使国人异常不满，从而上街游行表达不满。

广义的五四运动则是指自1915年中日签订《二十一条》至1926北伐战争之间，中国知识界和青年学生反思中国传统文化，探索强国之路的思想文化运动。

The May Fourth Movement was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government"s weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites.

The broader use of the term "May Fourth Movement" often refers to the period during 1915-1921 more usually called the New Culture Movement.

Background      更多信息请访问：http://www.24en.com/
Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown. This marked the end of thousands of years of powerful imperial rule, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested with the people. However, the reality was that China was a fragmented nation dominated by warlords, who were more concerned with their own political powers and private armies than national interests. The Chinese Beiyang government was occupied with suppressing internal affairs, and did little to counter the influence exerted by imperialist foreign powers. The Beiyang government made various concessions to foreigners in order to gain monetary and military support against their rivals.

Leaders of the New Culture Movement responded by questioning Chinese values which they now defined as "traditional." Defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence only further inflamed the sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders.

Cause and outbreak
China had entered World War I on the side of the Allied Triple Entente in 1917 with the condition that all German spheres of influence, such as Shandong, would be returned to China. That year, 140,000 Chinese labourers (as a part of the British army, the Chinese Labour Corps) were sent to France. Instead of rewarding China for its contribution to the Allies" victory, the Versailles Treaty of April 1919 awarded German rights in Shandong Province to Japan. The representatives of the Chinese government put forth the following requests:

the abolition of all privileges of foreign powers in China, such as extraterritoriality;
the cancelling of the "Twenty-One Demands" with the Japanese; and
the return to China of the territory and rights of Shandong, which Japan had taken from Germany during World War I.

The Western Allies dominated the meeting and paid little heed to the Chinese representatives" demands. Britain and France were primarily interested in punishing Germany. Although the United States promoted Woodrow Wilson"s utopian Fourteen Points and the ideals of self-determination at the conference, Wilson abandoned most of these ideals in the face of stubborn resistance by David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau. American advocacy of self-determination at the League of Nations was attractive to Chinese intellectuals, but the failure of the United States to follow through was seen as a betrayal. Chinese diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference became the incident that touched off the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, and became known as the "Shandong Problem".

Protest
On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Peking and drafted five resolutions.

Opposed the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions.
Draw awareness of China"s precarious position to the masses in China.
Recommend a large-scale gathering in Peking.
Promote the creation of a Peking student union.
Hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

On the afternoon of May 4th over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gathered together in front of Tiananmen and held a demonstration. The general opinion is that the Chinese government was "spineless". They voiced their anger at the Allied betrayal of China and the government"s inability to secure Chinese interests in the conference. A boycott of Japanese products during this period was advocated, which boosted the domestic Chinese industry slightly. Throughout the streets of China, students packed the streets to protest China"s concession to Japanese demands. During these demonstrations, students also insisted on the resignation of three Chinese officials involved in these proceedings. After burning the residence of one of the three despised officials, student protesters were arrested and severely assaulted.

They shouted out such slogans as "Struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home", "Do away with the "Twenty-One Demands"", "Don"t sign the Versailles Treaty".

The next day, students in Beijing as a whole went on strike, and students in other parts of the country responded one after another. From early June, in order to support the students" struggle, workers and businessmen in Shanghai also went on strike. The center of the movement moved from Beijing to Shanghai. In addition to students, a wide array of different groups also publicly displayed disagreement with the Chinese government. The lower class was also very angry at the current state of affairs, such as mistreatment of workers and perpetual poverty of small peasants. Chancellors from thirteen of China"s tertiary institutions initiated the rescue of student prisoners. Congregations such as media outlets, citizen societies, and chambers of commerce offered their support for these students. Merchants further illustrated support for the students by resisting tax payments if China"s government remained obstinate. In Shanghai, these May Fourth events culminated into general strikes by merchants and workers that nearly devastated the entire Chinese economy.Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang government had to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts. Also, the Chinese representatives in Paris refused to sign on the peace treaty: the May Fourth Movement won the initial victory. However, this move was more symbolic than anything else. Japan still retained control of the Shandong Peninsula and the islands in the Pacific it had obtained during World War I. Even though these protests and marches did not manage to achieve all their objectives, the partial success of the movement exhibited the ability of China"s various social classes to successfully collaborate, an ideal that would be admired by both Nationalists and Communists.

Historical Significance
Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911. Participants at the time, such as Hu Shi, referred to this era as the Chinese Renaissance because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation.

The challenge to traditional Chinese values, however, was also met with strong opposition, especially from Chiang Kai Shek"s Nationalist Party. From their perspective, the movement destroyed the positive elements of Chinese tradition and placed a heavy emphasis on direct political actions and radical attitudes, characteristics of the emerging Chinese Communist Party. On the other hand, the Communist Party viewed the movement more favorably, although remaining suspicious of the early phase which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals, not revolution. In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the Communist party and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Communist Revolution.