短文写作题型分类及历年真题详析

一、短文写作题型分类

按照考试大纲的要求，从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，写作题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，取材容易，具有一定的可写性。可以用多种方法对考研英语写作题目进行分类。

（一）根据出题范围和主题思想

按照出题范围和主题思想，可以归类如下：

人与自然（实物）关系（经济发展、社会环境等）

人与人（社会）关系（文化、道德、习俗、家庭、婚姻等）

个人（个体）体验（情感、教育、健康、修养、学习等）

1991 — 2010 年考研英语真题归类统计表（略）

（二）根据提示信息的形式

按照提示信息的形式，可以归类如下：

1. 提纲式作文（ 1991 — 1996 ）

提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范畴。它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法完成文章。

2. 图表作文（ 1997, 1999 ）

图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想；第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较；第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。

3. 图画作文（ 1998, 2000 — 2010 ）

图画作文往往给出的是一幅简洁明了的照片、图片或者漫画，要求考生将图画转变成为文字形式。图画作文审题时一定包含以小见大，把握象征寓意的过程。图画式写作是较难的题型之一，面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。尽管中国学生从小学开始就接受了看图作文的系统训练，但是应该了解：首先，英文看图作文和中文看图作文的模式和思维体系是不同的；其次，考研作文的图画选择都是含有丰富的寓意的，对考生提出了“把握寓意、联系现实、深刻思考、丰富表达”等一系列较高的要求。攻克图画作文的关键在于仔细分析、观察细节。

4. 情景作文（尚未在真题中考查）

情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来体会、想象和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。

二、历年真题短文分类详析

下面根据提示信息的形式，将 B 节历年真题作文进行了归类，每篇作文均列出两到三种不同写法的范文。为了让广大考生更精准掌握考研英语写作常见题型，更好的吸收运用闪光句式和亮点词汇，每篇范文的字数均已超出题目的要求，且文中的经典句型和核心词汇均加以粗体，以方便考生取其精华，模仿写作。

（一）提纲式作文

1991 年真题

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.

E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Conveniences of the city

2.Attractions of the country

3.Disadvantages of both

4.My preference

【段落类型分析】

第一段 第二段 第三段

利弊说明段 利弊说明段 归纳结论段

【参考范文一】

Where to Live—In the City or the Country?

Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. They can not only take less time to go to work because of the shorter distance and better transportation, but also get more information, better health care and better education. Also country life has many attractions. Fresh air, beautiful scenery, and singing birds will enable people to have a quieter and healthier life.

However, both the city and the country have their own disadvantages. Living in the city, people are likely to suffer heavy traffic, poor housing, air pollution and noises, while in the country, due to a long distance from crowds of people here and there, it is very inconvenient for people to meet each other as soon as possible.

To my point, I prefer living in the country. I have been living in a big city for many years, and fed up with the noise, which is a big annoyance both during the day and at night. It is my years’ wish to live a peaceful, healthy and relaxed life in the country.(173 words)

【参考范文二】

Where to Live—In the City or the Country?

Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. The city offers a wide choice of jobs for adults and schools for children. It also provides plenty of facilities for culture, entertainment and recreation—restaurants, department stores, cinemas, and so on. Besides, transportation is usually well developed in the city, with a variety of modes of travel, including buses, trams and subways.

On the other hand, one can enjoy the advantages of fresh air and food, and a more relaxed life style. Housing is usually spacious and inexpensive in the country. And, as for recreation, what could be more relaxing than a stroll down a country lane amid beautiful scenery? Conversely, there are disadvantages to living in either the city or the country. City air tends to be polluted, and the streets are always crowded and noisy. In the country, by contrast, the lack of stimulating activities can make a person feel bored and isolated.

All in all, I would say that living in the city is best, for the convenience the city offers in terms of education and work; after all, one can always spend vacations in the country—and get the best of both. (207 words)

1992 — 1996 年略

（二）图表作文

1997 年真题（略）

1999 年真题

DIRECTIONS:

A.Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.

B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

C.Your essay should cover these three points:

1. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife

2. possible reason for the effect

3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

【段落类型分析】

第一段 第二段 第三段

图画 / 图表描述段 原因阐释段 建议措施段

【参考范文一】

From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.

There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the human population grows rapidly, a growing number of people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die. In addition, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Consequently, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The clear cutting has become increasingly serious. So some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.

In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment. (210 words)

【参考范文二】

The two charts show that the increase in the U.S. population has been accompanied by a corresponding decline in the number of wildlife species. Far too many species have been lost already. This poses a danger to the ecological balance.

As the human population expands, wild animals in mounting numbers are hunted for food, or because they are thought to present a threat to man. But studies show that one of the primary causes of the disappearance of wildlife is pollution, which is one of the consequences of population growth and economic development. This makes us wonder if men are able to share this planet in harmony with other life forms.

In my opinion, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustrated in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatened with extinction. But, more importantly, men must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will be extinct. (167 words)

【参考范文三】（略）

（三）图画作文

1998 ， 2000 — 2008 年真题略

2009 年真题

Directions:

Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing, in you essay, you should

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

【段落类型分析】

第一段 第二段 第三段

图画 / 图表描述段 意义阐述段 归纳结论段

【参考范文一】

Balancing between Virtual and Real World

As is illustrated in the drawing, separated individuals who enjoy the Internet accesses are connected with each other though the spider - web - like information super highway. But meanwhile, each of them is confined to a small cell and attached to the laptop before they can get into touch with others.

At first sight, every one can chat, communicate and make friends with others by means of the powerful Internet links. It is extraordinarily convenient for Internet users to transfer information in various forms because people are just a click away. However, under the surface of this amazing closeness created by the “cyber space” is the ever extending distance in reality. While people are indulging in the convenience and entertainment brought about by the Internet, sitting all day long in front of a screen all alone, they are virtually driving away their intimate family, friends and real life. Quality time with parents is replaced by aimless chatting with a total stranger; space for hanging out and bonding with real life friends is roughly occupied by endless Internet games. Indeed, the Internet has greatly facilitated our communications and thus improved efficiency in governments, business, and schools. Yet an inconvenient fact has emerged: at personally level, many people have got addicted to the Internet by immersing in the virtual space and shutting the real world out all together.

Judging from all evidence offered ， we may safely come to the conclusion that the Internet is both a blessing and a curse. It is up to the users to strike a balance between the merits and set ? backs and make good use of the Internet resources to their favor. (278 words)

【参考范文二】

The above picture vividly depicts a huge spider web which is a symbol of the Internet. It is universally acknowledged that the Internet, an entirely new way of communication, is becoming so popular nowadays that it’s difficult to imagine modern life without it. Undoubtedly, it exerts a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of people’s living and thinking.

Definitely, the symbolic meaning of the picture subtly conveyed should be taken into deep consideration. To begin with, with the Internet, it is convenient and fast for people to get a variety of information and what they need to do is just to press key buttons. What ’ s more, the great utility of the Internet allow people within a company, across a nation or even around the world to work together. Finally, we can do almost everything via Internet in a long run. Specifically, we can conduct E - business, advertise our products, book an air ticket, buy and sell stocks, even hunt a new job through clicking the mouse. Nevertheless, it is a two - edged sword as well and has its own negative effects. To illustrate, some people tend to spend hours on the Internet for the sake of relaxation and develop addictions. As a result, the public have an emotional distance sometimes and thus few communications in reality due to Internet addiction without self - restriction.

From what have been discussed above, it is clear that with a personal computer and modem any individual can call up information about almost anything from almost anywhere and almost anytime on the Web. All in all, the Internet, an indispensable part in modern life, has the power to connect people and, yet, to some extent, separate people in reality. (284 words)

【参考范文三】（略）