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2008年职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析(14a)

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  虚拟语气的构成及用法

  l 相关背景知识介绍
  虚拟语气 = 虚拟(假设) + 语气
  Bus travel now and then (2001年版C级)
  For cities without other public transport services, if all the buses were to stop running for a day, work would come to a standstill (停止) in hundreds of offices and factories and...

  虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
  虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,用于表示非真实的假设,或表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望,有时也有使语气缓和、委婉的作用。

  Ⅰ、条件句中的虚拟语气
  1.构成
  含有条件状语从句的句子称为条件句。如果所表示的条件是真实的,或者完全可能实现的,则称为真实条件句,其主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气,如:
  You may spoil the work if you make the same mistake again.
  如果条件句表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时,则称为虚拟条件句,其主句和从句的谓语就要用虚拟语气。谓语形式因时间不同而有所不同。现以动词give和tell为例列表如下:

 

条件从句

主句

与现在事实相反的假定

gave

should + tell
would + tell

与过去事实相反的假定

had + given

should + have + told
would + have + told

推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定

should + give
were to + give
gave

should + tell
would + tell

  注:
  ① 在与现在事实相反的假设条件从句中谓语为be时,一般不分人称,多用过去式的复数形式were。如主语为第一、三人称单数时,也可用was (但“if I were you…”中只能用were。)
  ② 主句中第一人称常用should,第二、三人称常用would。但在美国英语中,第一人称也常用would。主句中除should, would外,还可用could, might。
  2.用法
  (1) 与现在事实相反的假定。如:
  If the sun stopped radiating(放射出) heat and light, life on earth would be impossible.
  如果太阳停止放射光和热,地球上的生命就不可能生存。
  If I were you, I should start packing now.
  如果我是你,我现在就动手收拾行装了。
  (2) 与过去事实相反的假定。如:
  If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
  如果当时你早点开始工作的话,你早就把工作完成了。
  He would have succeeded in the Sydney Olympic Games if his courage hadn’t failed him.
  如果他不是当时一时胆怯,他就会已经在悉尼奥运会上获胜了。
  (3) 推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定。如:
  If the director came tomorrow, I would tell him about our proposal.
  如果主任明天来,我将把我们的建议告诉他。
  If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
  如果我生活在二十二世纪,我将在月球上度假。
  What would you do if war were to break out(爆发)?
  如果战争爆发,你怎么办?
  注:
  ①虚拟条件从句中,如谓语中有were (was), had, should等词,有时可把这些词放到主语前,并省略连词if。如上面(2)中的第一句(If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.) 和(3)中的第二句 (If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.) 可分别改为下列形式而意思不变:
  Had you started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
  Should I live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
  ②虚拟条件除用从句表示外,还可以通过介词短语等来表示,这时句中动词也用虚拟语气。如:
  Without dust, there would be no clouds and no rain.
  没有灰尘,不会有云,也不会有雨。
  But for your cooperation, my business would have collapsed.
  要不是你的合作,我经营的企业早就垮了。

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