国际刑事法庭

THIS week an array of bigwigs met in a sumptuous resort on the shores of Lake Victoria just outside Kampala, Uganda’s capital, to review the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the first time since it started operating in 2002. Uganda offered to host the event to demonstrate that some African countries do support the ICC and its idea of international justice. The ICC, for its part, embraced Uganda in an effort to improve its twitchy relations with the leaders of the continent where it has done most of its work. For it is far from popular in Africa. Unless it can win more respect and prove more effective there, its chances of success elsewhere will dip. And if it fails in Africa, hopes for establishing a more universal jurisdiction may well founder.
本周，在乌干达首都坎帕拉城外的维多利亚大湖畔，一群所谓的大人物在这里一个奢华的度假村进行了会晤，对国际刑事法庭自2002年成立以来所完成的工作进行着首次审查。乌干达提出要主持这次会议，来向全世界证明一些非洲国家的确是支持国际刑事法庭与其崇尚国际公正的理念。在国际刑事法庭方面来讲，它努力地迎合这乌干达以试图去改善与非洲大陆各国领导人的紧张关系，因为国际刑事法庭在非洲执行了其大多数任务，还因为国际刑事法庭在非洲还远远没有得到当地民众的接受。除非国际刑事法庭能够赢得更多的尊重，并能证明在非洲的行动切实有效，不然国际刑事法庭在其它地方的成功几率则将会下降。而且，如果国际刑事法庭无法在非洲站住脚，那么建立一个更加全球化的司法制度也许就会失败。

The court has been having a particularly tricky time of late. Its most famous foe, President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan (see article), is very much at large, despite his indictment by the ICC last year for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Worse, Mr Bashir and some of his fellow African rulers have been rallying opinion against the court, claiming it represents nothing more than the neo-imperialist justice of the white man, who is still unfairly picking on Africa.
一直以来，国际刑事法庭在执行上都表现得特别拖延。该法庭最为众人所知的敌人——苏丹总统奥马•阿尔-巴希尔——完全逍遥于法外，尽管国际刑事法庭已经于去年以在达尔富尔地区犯下战争罪以及反人道主义罪行而提出指控。更糟糕的是，巴希尔总统与他的一些非洲统治者们一直在集聚意见主张来对抗国际刑事法庭，声称该法庭仅仅代表的是前帝国主义时代白人们的公正，这些白人现在仍对非洲实行着不公平的对待。

Furthermore, Mr Bashir exploited the ICC’s charges against him to pose as a hero of African nationalism during his election campaign in April. His loyalists believed him. Others argue that this shows the ICC’s indictments can be counter-productive: rather than end impunity, they force offending leaders to cling to power. And when it is not viewed as neo-colonialist or counter-productive, the court is seen by even more Africans as just ineffective. Seven years after the Darfur crisis blew up, for instance, no one from the government side has been tried for the killings there. Joseph Kony, head of the vicious Lord’s Resistance Army in northern Uganda, is still free. Only four of the 13 people for whom the ICC has issued arrest warrants have been brought to court: a poor hit rate.
此外，在苏丹四月选举期间，巴希尔总统利用国际刑事法庭对他的指控来把自己塑造成一位非洲民族主义的英雄。他忠实的跟随者们相信他。但其它人则主张，这样现象表明国际刑事法庭的控告会具有反作用：非但不能实现有罪必罚，反倒强逼着犯事的领袖们把握政权。此外，如果说国际刑事法庭的控告不是前殖民主义或具有反作用，那么甚至更多的非洲人会认为它办事效率低下。比如说，在达尔富尔危机爆发七年后，政府里没有任何人为达尔富尔地区的杀戮而受到制裁。北乌干达臭名昭著的上帝反抗军的领袖约瑟夫•科尼仍是逍遥法外。国际刑事法庭签发逮捕令要逮捕的十三人中，仅只有四个人被逮捕到了法庭：捕获率是在太低。更多信息请访问：http://www.24en.com/

So this week ICC officials have been gently pushing back. The court does not impose itself on Africa, says Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief prosecutor. Of the five African “situations” being investigated, three were voluntarily referred to the ICC by the governments of Uganda, Congo and the Central African Republic. The ICC was asked to investigate Sudan by the UN Security Council. In Kenya’s case, the ICC was brought in only with the agreement of the country’s politicians after they had failed to agree on how to investigate the post-election violence of 2007. Thirty of Africa’s 53 countries have signed up to the ICC, the largest continental block among 111 signatory countries. Indeed, African governments, sick of the rash of genocide and massacres on their continent, were in the vanguard of setting up the ICC.
因此，国际刑事法庭的官员们在本周被非洲人委婉地回绝了。首席控诉官路易斯•摩尔诺-欧卡姆坡讲道，国际刑事法庭没有特例独行的权力。在被调查的五个非洲“案例”中，有三个案例是当事人自愿要求国际刑事法庭来处理，它们是乌干达政府、刚果政府与中非共和国政府。在联合国安理会的要求下，国际刑事法庭对苏丹进行了调查。在肯尼亚的问题上，在国家领导人就如何对2007年大选的暴乱进行调查未能达成协议之后，在肯尼亚国家领导人的同意之下，国际刑事法庭才开始介入。非洲大陆的53个国家中，有30个国家在国际刑事法庭进行了登记，这在111个登记的国家中是最大的大陆团体。诚然，厌倦了在自己的领地进行无止境的大屠杀与残杀的非洲国家政府，都是建立国际刑事法庭的先锋群体。

In any event, the court is trying to sound a bit less haughty and holier-than-thou than it may have been in the past. Its people talk enthusiastically of building “coalitions” with pan-African institutions, as well as with national governments, to dispense justice better. The ICC concedes that its job is poorly understood on the continent. Many victims expect it to compensate them and return them to their homes after a conflict—and to arrest the bad guys. When that does not happen, hostility and disillusion set in.
无论如何，国际刑事法庭正试图表现得比过去稍微谦逊，也不那么假仁假义。其行动人员也颇具热情地谈到要与泛非主义机构以及非洲国家政府建立起“联盟”，来更好地去实行司法公正。国际刑事法庭承认，非洲人民没能很好地理解它们在非洲大陆所进行的工作。许多受害人期待，该法庭能对他们给予补偿，并在国家的冲突过后能把他们送回到自己的家园——并逮捕那些肇事的恶棍。如果这无法实现，非洲人民的心中就会充满着敌意，也会一味地执迷不悟。

So African human-rights campaigners and lawyers sympathetic to the ICC have been offering ideas to enable the court to “demystify itself in Africa”, in the words of Oby Nwankwo, head of a Nigerian legal think-tank. She says the ICC should send its judges even to those African countries where it is not investigating crimes, to explain itself. Last year she invited one to Nigeria and got her a lot of press exposure that “helped clear away some misconceptions”. ICC judges could be sent to work with national courts to try smaller fish as well as presidents and warlords, to make the ICC’s work more familiar. The court is close to opening a liaison office in Addis Ababa, the home of the African Union. Why not open a few other offices in Africa to advertise its work?
因此，非洲的人权活动家们与支持国际刑事法庭的律师们，一直在出谋划策来让法庭能“在非洲让人民广泛接受”，尼日利亚法律智囊团的主席欧比•恩万科沃讲道。她表示，国际刑事法庭应该将其法官派遣到那些无需罪案调查的非洲国家，用以让人民了解该组织。去年，欧比邀请了一位律师来到尼日利亚，而她在媒体中的频频露面也“有助于澄清一些误解”。国际刑事法庭的法官们还应该被派过来与本国法官共事来处理每日具体的事务，同样也要与各国总统与军阀头子相处，以让国际刑事法庭的工作让众人更为熟悉。据悉，该法庭很快就能在非洲联盟的总部亚的斯亚贝巴建立起一个联络处。那么，它为什么不在非洲建立更多的办事处来宣传它们的工作呢？

Above all, national judicial systems must be strengthened so that African countries can do the ICC’s job themselves. After all, the ICC is meant to be a court of last resort. It intervenes in Africa so much only because African countries have been unable or unwilling to handle complex and costly trials themselves. And African governments must enshrine the ICC statutes in their own laws, so they can bring prosecutions for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. So far only a handful have done so; a few more are to follow soon. More must do so, until, in some far-off legal nirvana, Africa will not need the ICC at all.
总而言之，国家司法体制必须得到加强，这样才能保证非洲国家也能自己完成国际刑事法庭的工作。毕竟，国际刑事法庭存在的意义仅仅是司法审判的最后一站。它最终需要介入，仅仅是因为一些非洲国家自己无法或不愿意处理那些复杂与花费昂贵的案件。此外，非洲国家政府必须将国际刑事法庭的法令列入到本国法律中，这样它们才能对战争罪行、反人权罪行以及大屠杀实施审判与处刑。到目前为止，有些国家已经这样做了；更多的国家也准备这样实施。在非洲遥远的司法天堂，更多非洲国家必须采取这种措施，直到非洲完全不需要国际刑事法庭的存在。